pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv ---/etc/passwd /etc/group /etc/shadow /etc/gshadow

pgrep -vlU root,bubba ---show processes NOT owned by root or bubba

host -t mx google.com

squid: iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -i eth3 -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 3128.

vncserver; vncviewer :1 ---for port 5001, vncviewer :2 ---for port 5002; vncserver --kill :1

xsetroot -solid blue

passive ftp: iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -s any/0 --sport 1024:65535 -d $my_ip --dport 1024:65535 -j ACCEPT

allow ftp: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s any/0 --sport 1024:65535 -d $my_ip --dport {21;20} -j ACCEPT;

mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables; mysql -u root; update mysql.user set password=password('new_password') where user='root'; flush privilages

cat /etc/passwd|mksmbpasswd.sh>/etc/samba/smbpasswd ----adds users, but passwords must be set seperately with smbpasswd

hosts.allow for nfs: portmap,lockd,mountd,rquotad,statd.

portmap:192.168.0. 192.168.1. .example.com

the order of starting nfs servers: portmap, nfsd, mountd, statd, rquotad, idmapd, svcgssd.